Forensic Science India Report: A Study of Forensic Science Laboratories (2013-2017)

Process

The study collected quantitative data over a five-year assessment period from 61 out of 117 functional forensic science laboratories across India, including all central and state laboratories and at least one regional laboratory from each state. Of these, 30 laboratories participated in the survey. The data covered key areas such as budget and expenditure, recruitment, education and training, case management, infrastructure, and quality management. 

Laboratories with functional DNA divisions were also asked to provide information on the scientific standards and practices followed, given the growing reliance on DNA evidence and its status as one of the most advanced forensic disciplines.

The study further included a fieldwork component, drawing on the experiences and narratives of forensic scientists gathered through field visits. The collected data was analysed to identify systemic challenges, and the report presents a comprehensive set of recommendations to strengthen the forensic science system in India. It also includes an analysis of the legal framework governing expert forensic evidence.

Insights:

Across laboratories, the absence of a uniform regulatory framework emerged as a key structural concern. While the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS) issues guidelines and best practices for forensic science laboratories, these are not binding, and there is no statutory mechanism to ensure consistent adherence across central, state, and regional laboratories. As a result, significant variation exists in the standards, procedures, and quality of forensic practices across jurisdictions.